Born of Burgundian landowning aristocracy, Bernard grew up in a family of five brothers and one sister. [13] Bernard sent him, at the pope's own request, various instructions which comprise the Book of Considerations, the predominating idea of which is that the reformation of the Church ought to commence with the sanctity of the pope. 978-90-429-3132-9. St. Bernard of Clairvaux (feast day is August 20th) Many letters, treatises, and other works, falsely attributed to him survive, and are now referred to as works by pseudo-Bernard. He could claim a form of higher knowledge that is the complement and fruition of faith and that reaches completion in prayer and contemplation. Bernard considered lectio divina and contemplation guided by the Holy Spirit the keys to nourishing Christian spirituality. Summary Ref: 2008-22 Clairvaux Abbey was founded in 1115 by Bernard de Fontaines, who directed it until his death in 1153. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux, was a monk who spent most of his time out of the cloister, a spiritual man who seemed always embroiled in politics and a man of peace who convinced thousands to fight and die for their faith. King Louis VI of France convened a national council of the French bishops at Étampes in 1130, and Bernard was chosen to judge between the rivals for pope. The first abbot of Clairvaux developed a rich theology of sacred space and music, writing extensively on both. In 1115 Harding appointed him to lead a small group of monks to establish a monastery at Clairvaux, on the borders of Burgundy and Champagne. James Meeker Ludlow describes the scene romantically in his book The Age of the Crusades: A large platform was erected on a hill outside the city. At the solicitation of William of St. Thierry, Bernard defended the order by publishing his Apology which was divided into two parts. Bernard set out to convince these other regions to rally behind Innocent. On 31 March, with King Louis VII of France present, he preached to an enormous crowd in a field at Vézelay, making "the speech of his life". He was an Abbot in the Cistercian order. [17] Pope Eugenius came in person to France to encourage the enterprise. He recalled the city of Milan to obedience to the pope as they had followed the deposed Anselm V, Archbishop of Milan. Both the Henrician and the Petrobrusian faiths began to die out by the end of that year. He hastened to terminate his worldly life and restore discipline in his monastery. This letter made a positive impression on Harmeric, and in the Vatican. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The passing of Pope Eugenius had struck the fatal blow by taking from him one whom he considered his greatest friend and consoler. He is a Roman Catholic saint. … She, I say, is that shining and brilliant star, needed so much, set in place above life’s great and spacious sea, glittering with merits, all aglow with examples for our imitation. The same year Bernard was again at the Council of Reims at the side of Innocent II. [8] In 1118 Trois-Fontaines Abbey was founded in the diocese of Châlons; in 1119 Fontenay Abbey in the Diocese of Autun; and in 1121 Foigny Abbey near Vervins, in the diocese of Laon. But once out of Bernard's presence, he reneged. Bernard et la théologie monastiqudeu XII siècle,"in The last years of Bernard's life were saddened by the failure of the crusaders, the entire responsibility for which was thrown upon him. Leuven: Éditions de l’Institut supérieur de philosophie, Louvain-La-Neuve/Peeters, 2016. vii + 373 pp. selected, with a preface, by. That dog breed did not receive its namesake from St. Bernard of Clairvaux. During his youth, he did not escape trying temptations and around this time he thought of retiring from the world and living a life of solitude and prayer. By 1119 the Cistercians had a charter approved by Pope Calixtus II for nine abbeys under the primacy of the abbot of Cîteaux. On the death of Honorius II, which occurred on 14 February 1130, a schism broke out in the Church by the election of two popes, Pope Innocent II and Antipope Anacletus II. Some of these, at the command of Innocent II, took possession of Tre Fontane Abbey, from which Eugene III was chosen in 1145. 7 The Mystical Theology ofSaint Bernard(LondonShee: d & Ward, 1940)viii; Ulrich Köpf, Religiöse Erfahrung in der Theologie Bernhards von Clairvaux (Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, e1980) 8J;. Saouma, Brigitte. Bernard was named a Doctor of the Church in 1830. Bernard's influence was soon felt in provincial affairs. [14], Having previously helped end the schism within the Church, Bernard was now called upon to combat heresy. By the end of 1131, the kingdoms of France, England, Germany, Portugal, Castile, and Aragon supported Pope Innocent II; however, most of Italy, southern France, and Sicily, with the Latin patriarchs of Constantinople, Antioch, and Jerusalem supported Antipope Anacletus II. Bernard had returned to France in June and was continuing the work of peacemaking which he had commenced in 1130. He decided in favour of Innocent II. Leclercq, "Les Ecrits de Geoffrod'Auxerre,y Revue" bénédictine 62 [1952] 282). Henry I was sceptical because most of the bishops of England supported Antipope Anacletus II; Bernard persuaded him to support Innocent. The purpose of this council was to settle certain disputes of the bishops of Paris, and regulate other matters of the Church of France. [7] Bernard's testimony was so irresistible that 30 of his friends, brothers, and relatives followed him into the monastic life. Abelard's treatise on the Trinity had been condemned as heretical in 1121, and he was compelled to throw his own book into the fire. That was St. Bernard of Menthon, not the Cistercian reformer of the 12 th Century. Bernard of Clairvaux is the attributed author of poems often translated in English hymnals as: The modern critical edition is Sancti Bernardi opera (1957–1977), edited by Jean Leclercq.[33][d]. Bernard z Clairvaux, Saint Bernard de Clairvaux, ברנר מקלרבו, ברנרד מקלרבו, ברנר מקלרוו, 베르나르두스, 클레르보의 베르나르도, 클레르보의 성 베르나르도, 클레르보의 베르나르두스, San Bernardo de Claraval, Bernardo de Fontaine, Bernardo, San Bernardo di … Temporal matters are merely accessories; the principles according to Bernard's work were that piety and meditation were to precede action. He defended the rights of the Church against the encroachments of kings and princes, and recalled to their duty Henry Archbishop of Sens , and Stephen de Senlis, Bishop of Paris . This was the occasion of the longest and most emotional of Bernard's letters. He entered the Cîteaux community in 1112, and from then until 1115 he cultivated his spiritual and theological studies. Piety was his all, says Bossuet. Anacletus died of "grief and disappointment" in 1138, and with him the schism ended. He takes his name from a monastery he founded … He protested his profound esteem for the Benedictines of Cluny whom he declared he loved equally as well as the other religious orders. Local system number: There he explains how the sins of the crusaders were the cause of their misfortune and failures. Stones and trees will teach you that which you cannot learn from the masters. The influence of the Abbot of Clairvaux was soon felt in provincial affairs. Cardinal Harmeric, on behalf of the pope, wrote Bernard a sharp letter of remonstrance stating, "It is not fitting that noisy and troublesome frogs should come out of their marshes to trouble the Holy See and the cardinals."[4]. Bernard struggled and learned to live with the inevitable tension created by his desire to serve others in charity through obedience and his desire to cultivate his inner life by remaining in his monastic enclosure. Omissions? [5] During the absence of the Bishop of Langres, Bernard was blessed as abbot by William of Champeaux, Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. from the translation of the late dr. eales. The archbishop of Cologne and the archbishop of Mainz were vehemently opposed to these attacks and asked Bernard to denounce them. He was also the patron of the Knights Templar. After the Christian defeat at the Siege of Edessa, the pope commissioned Bernard to preach the Second Crusade. Overview of France's Clairvaux Abbey, with a discussion of the Cistercian order. Bernard answered the letter by saying that, if he had assisted at the council, it was because he had been dragged to it by force, replying: Now illustrious Harmeric if you so wished, who would have been more capable of freeing me from the necessity of assisting at the council than yourself? Illustrious persons were buried at Clairvaux in the livery of the poor of Christ, among them Henry of France, brother of King Louis VII; Alexander of Cologne, who was later one of the successors of St. Bernard of Clairvaux; Henry Murdach who became Abbot of Vauclair and later Archbishop of York; Philip, Archdeacon of Liège, etc. [6] His father and all his brothers entered Clairvaux to pursue religious life, leaving only Humbeline, his sister, in the secular world. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Bernard-of-Clairvaux, The Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of Saint Bernard of Menthon, Eternal Word Television Network - Biography of Staint Bernard of Clairvaux, The Catholic Encyclopedia - St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Franciscan Media - Biography of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Bernard of Clairvaux - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1303-1373), Eugene III Pope (d. 1153), Benedict Saint, Abbot of Monte Cassino, Malachy Saint, Marie Sainte Vierge, Victor Saint, Confessor [4], Towards the close of the 11th century, a spirit of independence flourished within schools of philosophy and theology. [13] Bernard considered it his duty to send an apology to the Pope and it is inserted in the second part of his "Book of Considerations." [12] The council found in favour of Bernard and their judgment was confirmed by the pope. Under pressure from his ecclesiastical superiors and his friends, notably the bishop and scholar William of Champeaux, he retired to a hut near the monastery and to the discipline of a quack physician. Cistercians honour him as the founder of the order because of the widespread activity which he gave to the order.[13]. S-a născut într-o familie de nobili din nord estul ținutului Bourgogne în localitatea Fontaine, lângă Dijon. Bernard went again to Italy, where Roger II of Sicily was endeavouring to withdraw the Pisans from their allegiance to Innocent. "[18], Bernard then passed into Germany, and the reported miracles which multiplied almost at his every step undoubtedly contributed to the success of his mission. Drawn as much by the fame of the monk as by the mandates of the king and the Pope, a vast assembly of prelates and nobles gathered at Vézelay in Burgundy. He then returned to Clairvaux. Henry of Lausanne, a former Cluniac monk, had adopted the teachings of the Petrobrusians, followers of Peter of Bruys and spread them in a modified form after Peter's death. [3] In the year 1128, Bernard attended the Council of Troyes, at which he traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights Templar,[a] which soon became the ideal of Christian nobility. At the conference held at Palermo, Bernard succeeded in convincing Roger of the rights of Innocent II. Forbid those noisy troublesome frogs to come out of their holes, to leave their marshes ... Then your friend will no longer be exposed to the accusations of pride and presumption.[4]. Introduction and notes by F … However, Innocent insisted on Bernard's company when he met with Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor. In 1141, at the urgings of Abelard, the archbishop of Sens called a council of bishops, where Abelard and Bernard were to put their respective cases so Abelard would have a chance to clear his name. L’Amour de Dieu et La Grâce et le Libre Arbitre | Bernard de Clairvaux | download | B–OK. [31], The Couvent et Basilique Saint-Bernard, a collection of buildings dating from the 12th, 17th and 19th centuries, is dedicated to Bernard and stands in his birthplace of Fontaine-lès-Dijon.[32]. His success in his studies won the admiration of his teachers. From the beginning of the year 1153, Bernard felt his death approaching. After persuading Gerard, Bernard traveled to visit William X, Duke of Aquitaine. He traveled to Sicily in 1137 to convince the king of Sicily to follow Innocent. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) was a French theologian. He could also commune with nature and say: Believe me, for I know, you will find something far greater in the woods than in books. [6], So great was his reputation that princes and Popes sought his advice, and even the enemies of the Church admired the holiness of his life and the greatness of his writings. €94 Bernard had a great taste for literature and devoted himself for some time to poetry. Lothair II became Innocent's strongest ally among the nobility. He preached at the Council of Vézelay (1146) to recruit for the Second Crusade. http://www.continents-interieurs.info/Michel-Cazenave/Bernard-de-Clairvaux Abelard submitted without resistance, and he retired to Cluny to live under the protection of Peter the Venerable, where he died two years later. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It contains the rules and laws for life within their chivalric military order. Other websites. In May of that year, the pope, supported by the army of Lothair III, entered Rome, but Lothair III, feeling himself too weak to resist the partisans of Anacletus, retired beyond the Alps, and Innocent sought refuge in Pisa in September 1133. About the same time, Bernard was visited at Clairvaux by Malachy, Primate of All Ireland, and a very close friendship formed between them. His sermons, from which there are many excerpts in the Breviary, are conspicuous for genuine emotion and spiritual unction. He did not pledge allegiance to Innocent until 1135. It was a time when Bernard was experiencing what he apprehended as the divine in a mystical and intuitive manner. 1473. [18], There was at first virtually no popular enthusiasm for the crusade as there had been in 1095. It was here, also, that he produced a small but complete treatise on Mariology (study of doctrines and dogmas concerning the Virgin Mary), “Praises of the Virgin Mother.” Bernard was to become a major champion of a moderate cult of the Virgin, though he did not support the notion of Mary’s Immaculate Conception. Bernard sought the counsel of the abbot of Cîteaux, St. Stephen Harding, and decided to enter this struggling small new community that had been established by St. Robert of Molesme in 1098 as an effort to restore Benedictinism to a more primitive and austere pattern of life.
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