As a result, many were muted in their criticism and positioned themselves in the political centre. Both chambers debate the government’s programme, but only the House of Representatives can vote it down. It covers steps taken by central government and local authorities, research centres… Since the early 2000s a much closer relationship with the United States, part of the so-called ‘War on Terror’, has made possible a modernization programme, particularly of the Air Force, with an order for 24 F-16 fighter aircraft, some of which have been delivered. However, basing his analysis on governance indicators such as the Worldwide Governance Indicators and components of the Arab Democracy Index, Benhlal points out that the practice of governance of Morocco is not as positive as claimed in the political discourse. Readers are advised to seek … This would permit the operation of a local autonomy plan for the Western Sahara: the two Saharan provinces would be empowered to use local resources to develop the infrastructure and improve the economic conditions. A bicameral system was only reintroduced in the 1996 Constitution. According to Article 6 of the 2011 Constitution, the law ‘is the supreme expression of the will of the Nation’. Mohammed V’s son, Hassan II, who ruled from 1961 until 1999, maintained the facade of a constitutional monarchy, but he was the master of his realm. Each of Morocco’s first five constitutions since independence began the same way: ‘Morocco is a constitutional democratic and social monarchy.’ The sixth Constitution in 2011 added the word ‘parliamentary’: ‘Le Maroc est une monarchie constitutionnelle, démocratique, parlementaire et sociale.’ The monarchy is very old: the current dynasty dates back to the mid-17th century and is the oldest surviving ruling family in the Arab countries. READ online. In that year defectors from the OADP created the Democratic Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste Démocratique, PSD), former members of the OAPD set up the Front of Democratic Forces (Front des Forces Démocratiques, FFD), and, in yet another secession from the MP line, the Democratic and Social Movement (Mouvement Démocratique et Social, MDS) separated from Aherdane’s MNP. Such a research faces methodological and practical impediments stemming from the paucity of information on funding and other governance … Parliament passes laws: legislative bills are submitted to both chambers, and if they do not adopt an identical text, the government sets up a joint committee with equal representation to establish it. There are no provisions for legal aid in civil matters â even though legal representation is compulsory before the bench â except in cases involving alimony. A new wave of parties emerged, many of them offshoots of second-generation parties. This is formalized in five codes that have been updated and revised at various times: Civil (1913), Penal (1962), Penal Procedure (1959), Commercial (1996), and Mudawana (for family law). We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Islamic law too is codified, in the Mudawana. The person in this position serves as a secular leader as well as the Leader of the Faithful, a title often used by Muslim rulers to indicate direct relation to the Prophet Mohammed. Morocco ; Home; RELATED. Four months after the parliamentary elections of 7 October 2016, Abdelilah Benkirane, leader of the winning Islamist Justice and Development Party (PJD), was unable to form the coalition government required by law. The Open Government Review of Morocco is the first of its kind analysing a country’s open government policies and practices and their institutional and legal frameworks for implementation against OECD instruments. Article 4 of the preceding (1996) Constitution said exactly the same thing, as did every previous Constitution (1992, 1972, 1970, and 1960), but the rule of law during the reign of his father was extremely circumscribed. The Army’s main battle tanks are 220 US-made M6001A, although there are still 40 Soviet-era T-72 tanks on the books. Thus, not all the new parties were entirely supportive of the regime: on the left, former members of the USFP and PPS set up the Organization for Democratic and Popular Action (Organisation de lâAction Démocratique et Populaire, OADP) in May 1983. Royal family members claim direct descent from the Prophet Muhammad via his daughter Fatima, his son-in-law Ali Ibn Abu Talib, and their son Hassan. The latter was first enacted in 1957 and modified in 2004 and is by far the most controversial (see Women). Parliament and political parties were reduced to marginal roles, and there were severe constraints on the media. As a political official, the … According to the Constitution, Parliament exercises legislative power and can validate the authority of the government. In this new paper, Mohamed Benhlal analyzes Moroccoâs recent constitutional amendments, which seemed, on paper, to make significance progress towards good governance. In January 2017, Morocco signed a $91 million deal with Harris Corporation to provide AN/ALQ-211 Advanced Integrated Defensive Electronic Warfare Suite (AIDEWS) systems to help protect its RMAF F-16 aircraft fleet against electronic threats. Human Rights in Morocco. Please contact us in case of omissions concerning copyright-protected work. FEATURE STORY. In partnership with the General Directorate of Territorial Collectivities (DGCT) and the Association of Regions of Morocco (ARM), TASHAROC wishes to study the possibilities of operationalising the recommendations from the 1st national conference on advanced regionalisation for citizen participation, with the British … … Regions are administered by a Wali (governor), appointed by the King, and a regional council, elected by direct universal suffrage. In criminal cases, there are court-appointed defence lawyers for indigent defendants who act pro bono, but there are no public defenders. The Supreme Court hears appeals from lower courts and resolves jurisdictional disputes. Local Government Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window). The backbone of policing is the Royal Gendarmerie, part of the Royal Armed Forces, which comes under the Ministry of the Interior when it acts as the administrative police and under the Ministry of Justice when it acts as the Judicial Police (Police Judiciare), investigating crimes, gathering evidence, and bringing alleged perpetrators to court. Governance Structure Conformément à la circulaire du Premier Ministre n°17/2009 du 21 Octobre 2009, le programme e-gouvernement a été doté d'une gouvernance reposant sur trois structures : Le Comité Interministériel e-gouvernement par abréviation CIGOV, présidé par le Ministre en charge de l’Industrie, du Commerce … Northern Morocco, particularly the region of Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, has historically been an area where disenfranchised youth have been recruited into violent extremist activities. The Authenticity and Modernity Party (PAM) was founded in August 2009 by Fouad Ali el-Himma, a close friend of King Mohammed VI and a palace advisor. Legal System At the same time, the French established what was effectively a three-part legal system in Morocco. The countryâs forces have gained valuable experience as a result of political instability in North Africa, in particular the disputed territory of Western Sahara to the south, as well as more limited experience as part of the Saudi-led coalition fighting in Yemen. Elected regional councils would control the local budget, supported by an Interregional Solidarity Fund. Morocco. Not only do the elections constitute an evaluation of the success or failure of the constitutional reforms that Morocco adopted in 2011, but also a litmus test for ... What is the state of security today in Morocco? As UN Climate Change Conference in Marrakech Approaches, What is the State of Moroccoâs National Security? Authenticity and Modernity Party The Police. However, as the US State Department ‘Country Reports on Human Rights Practices‘ on Morocco for 2011 points out, courts often do not act independently in practice and are subject to corruption and extra-judicial influence. Parts of the regions of Guelmimâal-Semara and LaayouneâBoujdourâSakia al-Hamra and all of Oued Eddahab Lagouira are in the territory of Western Sahara. He notes an excessive focus on laws and institutional procedures that do not translate into the necessary transformation in the status of governance and the nature of the Moroccan political regime. This was essentially the system adopted in the first Moroccan Constitution of 1962, but the Parliament was reduced to a single chamber for most of the 1970s and 1980s. The most important subdivision of the MP turned out to be the MCPD, which merged with an Islamist party, Reform and Renewal (Réforme et Renouvellement), led by Abdelilah Benkirane in June 1996 (in 1998 the name was changed to PJD). In the 2016 elections, the results were close for the two main parties: the PJD won 125 of the 395 seats whereas the Authenticity and Modernity Party took 102. Fanack provides an … The previous elections were held on 25 November 2011, but voter turnout was low (45 per cent), indicating the lack of trust in the electoral system. Increasing European hegemony led religiously inspired nationalists to overthrow him and replace him with one of his brothers, Abdelhafid. A taoutiq judge (who handles notary issues and issues concerning minors), assisted by aduls (religiously-trained clerks), applies the personal law in the first-instance court. In Morocco, internal demands for institutional reform backed by popular support have become a major lever in assisting to establish good governance in the country since early 2011. In a context of increasing globalization, marked by the intensification of trade in a more competitive environment, the port sector in Morocco and in the world, has become an important lever for development and competitiveness of a country. The form of a constitutional monarchy was retained, and, towards the end of Hassan II’s reign and after the succession of his son Mohammed VI in 1999, the repression was eased. Morocco: Corporate Governance Laws and Regulations 2020. The Transition Fund was launched at the WB-IMF last annual meetings in Tokyo by the G8 Deauville … In Morocco, internal demands for institutional reform backed by popular support have become a major lever in assisting to establish good governance in the country since early 2011. The corps of judges is also unrepresentative of Moroccan society. Religious personal-status law was maintained as the responsibility of Sharia courts for Muslims and rabbinical courts for Jews. These historic nationalist parties still exist, though the PDI won no legislative seats since 2002. Governance Reform in Morocco. They also hear criminal cases involving petty offences. As all the constitutions make clear, the head of state is the King (or Sultan, in 1908) who is ‘Commander of the Faithful’ (amir al-muminin). The concept of human rights has become a well-known and widely accepted term to use. The Constitution is a product of modern nationalism and the struggle for independence, yet there was an early project for constitutional rule in 1908, on the eve of the Protectorate, which proposed limited controls on the sultan and was based on the idea that the Japanese, equipped with a constitution, had defeated the autocratic Russian empire in 1906. After 1912, the Protectorate slowly negotiated an end to the capitulation system; the British were the last major power to agree to end protected status in the French zone in 1937, but not in the Spanish zone, where the capitulations were renounced only at independence, in 1956. Corporate Governance in Transition Economies Morocco Country Report June 2016 Prepared by: Gian Piero Cigna Ahmed Meziou With the assistance of: Nestor Advisors . The Monarchy Morocco has one of the larger armed forces in the region but also one of the lowest budgets. The Open Government Review of Morocco is the first of its kind analysing a country’s open government policies and practices and their institutional and legal frameworks for implementation against OECD instruments. After the protests against the Berber Dahir in 1930, the first Moroccan nationalist groups were set up, and three young leaders became the founding fathers of Moroccan politics, Allal al-Fassi, Mehdi Ben Barka, and Mohammed Hassan Ouezzani. The law protects this rightâ. OECD Public Governance Reviews; Open Government in Salé, Morocco OECD Public Governance Reviews This series includes international studies and country-specific reviews of government efforts to make the public sector more efficient, effective, innovative and responsive to citizens’ needs and expectations. The Judicial Istiqlal was initially a grand coalition, but Ouezzani broke away to found the Democratic Independence Party (Parti Democratique et de lâIndependence; PDI) in 1946, the same year that Ali Yata became the first Moroccan to lead the Communist Party of Morocco (Parti Communiste du Maroc, PC). PAM includes in its ranks members with different ideological leanings such as liberals, leftists, Islamists and royalists, suggesting a lack of a clear ideological direction. The Moroccan army is notable for its large number of personnel and high level of training. Morocco is currently under the Alaouite Dynasty and each King since 1666 has belonged to the Alaouite family. In 1996, under a new Constitution, the repression began to lift. Yet despite its relatively progressive orientation, the new Constitution maintains the monarch as the most important political actor, with his formal rights and legitimacy unchanged. The administrative-police functions include public order, public security, and traffic control on roads outside the cities. He was appointed in November 2011, after elections, and heads a coalition including the centre-right nationalist Istiqlal, the liberal Popular Movement (Mouvement Populaire, MP), which has Berber roots, and the left-wing Party of Progress and Socialism (Parti du Progrès et du Socialisme, PPS; formerly the Parti Communiste du Maroc). In partnership with the General Directorate of Territorial Collectivities (DGCT) and the Association of Regions of Morocco (ARM), TASHAROC wishes to study the … Al-Fassi, Ouezzani, and others set up the National Action Bloc (Bloc dâAction National, BAN) and proposed a Plan of Reforms in 1934, which the French rejected. There are enormous difficulties to realizing it. The current Prime Minister is Abdelilah Benkirane of the moderate Islamist Justice and Development Party (Parti de la Justice et du Développement, PJD). FINAL DRAFT FOR CONSULTATION Comments are welcome by 31 August 2016: please provide comments to cignag@ebrd.com 2 This Report does not constitute … Benhlal makes important recommendations about political oversight, implementation of the rule of law and anti-corruption measures to ensure that these constitutional amendments will be more than a veil of good governance. The party has been led by Ilyas el-Omari since January 2016. In 1913, a decree (dahir) took all but civil cases out of the hands of the qadis (religiously educated judges), and reorganized the administration of justice in both jurisdictions along French lines. That authority, baraka, is an inherited quality passed by genealogical descent from the founder of the Alaouite dynasty Moulay al-Cherif and his son Moulay al-Rashid (1666-1672), who seized power when the Saadi dynasty disintegrated in half a century of civil war. First-instance courts hear civil cases related to persons or inheritances, and to social and commercial laws. It has not fought a conventional interstate war since the Algerian wars of the early 1960s. The Open Government Review of Morocco is the first of its kind analysing a country’s open government policies and practices and their institutional and legal frameworks for implementation against OECD instruments. The judicial system was subjected to interference by the authorities in political cases, and dissidents were arrested, held incommunicado for long periods, and tortured. There are also specialized tribunals: a commercial court system that hears commercial cases involving large sums, with its own system of appeals; administrative courts that deal with initial cases involving the public authorities; independent audit courts that operate at the central and regional levels; and a separate Standing Tribunal of the Royal Armed Forces. This can have the result of creating alternative legal solutions in certain areas. The reason is that formation of a coalition is much more difficult than expected . If the committee cannot agree, the House of Representatives has the last word. parliamentary elections of 7 October 2016, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, protesting the incorporation of the Western Sahara, Consultative Commission on Regionalization, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2011 US State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in Morocco. The French did, however, maintain the institution of royal family and appointed another brother, Yusef, as sultan. Buy +/-/ 1000. A second generation of parties was founded between the late 1960s and early 1980s, the most repressive period of Hassan II’s rule. Because of its history, Morocco has a dual legal system, under which civil legislation, based on the French code system, defines contract, commercial, administrative, and criminal law and provides the bases of codes of civil and criminal procedure, while Islamic law provides the basic structure governing personal, family, and succession issues. Matching expectations with opportunities for participation in civic life is also an important component in addressing security and stability in the country. Good governance is mainstreamed in all GIZ’s programmes in Morocco. The bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Representatives (395 members), elected for five years by direct universal suffrage, and the House of Councillors (with a maximum of 120 members), elected for six years by a complicated system of indirect elections by local councils, professional organizations, and labour unions. Prophetic descent was reinforced by the ability to command force and exercise power. He used his constitutional power to appoint the Prime Minister (the leader of the largest party) and to approve and promulgate laws vigorously, repeatedly dissolved Parliament, rewrote the constitution several times, and rigged elections in favour of his supporters. The constitutional reforms undertaken by Morocco since the 2011 protests have modified legislative and institutional procedures, yet their real impact on governance needs to be assessed. Morocco is a monarchy, and has been ruled by members of the Alaouite dynasty since the beginning of the 17th century. Morocco is the world’s largest exporter of phosphate, which is an industry controlled by the royal family and by the elite who monopolize larger, multi-sector industries and who are close associates of the mon… Other problems are the quality of legal personnel and difficulties of gaining access to the courts. Good governance The constitution, which entered into force in 2011, establishes more stringent requirements in terms of good governance and the performance of public institutions. Corporate Governance in Transition Economies Morocco Country Report December 2017 Prepared by: Gian Piero Cigna Ahmed Meziou With the assistance of: Nestor Advisors . Moreover, autonomous regions elsewhere in the world have functioned smoothly only on the basis of the rule of law and respect for human rights, which might conflict with the vast prerogatives of the King under the current system. Beneath the highest level, consisting of the regions, are the provinces, which are subdivided into communes. This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the issues of governance in human rights organizations in Morocco. Sultan Mohammed V was obliged to sign the Dahir, but it brought a storm of protest from Arab nationalists, who saw it as an attack on Islam, by degrading the Sharia. However, the countryâs military costs are high, amounting to 10.1 per cent of total government spending in 2011.
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