Bernard de clairvaux. The whole conflict ended when Anacletus died on 25 January 1138. Born Fontaine de Dijon France 1090. Died Clairvaux, near Troyes, Champagne France August 20th 1153. Many letters, treatises, and other works, falsely attributed to him survive, and are now referred to as works by pseudo-Bernard. Bernard was born at his father's castle on the eminence of Les Fontaines, near Dijon, in Burgundy, in 1091. A much fuller and more comprehensive detailed biography of St Bernard’s life can be found in ‘The Knights Templar Revealed’ Butler and Dafoe, Constable and Robinson – 2006. In addition to this St Bernard consorted with Princes, Kings and Pontiffs, even directly ‘creating’ his own Pope, BERNARDO PAGANELLI DI MONTEMAGNO (Eugnius III) who became Pontiff in 1145. It is a fact that the Templars venerated St Bernard from that moment on, until their own demise in 1307. [18], There was at first virtually no popular enthusiasm for the crusade as there had been in 1095. Some of these, at the command of Innocent II, took possession of Tre Fontane Abbey, from which Eugene III was chosen in 1145. He is often cited for saying that Mary Magdalene was the Apostle to the Apostles. Bernard considered lectio divina and contemplation guided by the Holy Spirit the keys to nourishing Christian spirituality. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. [19] The full text has not survived, but a contemporary account says that "his voice rang out across the meadow like a celestial organ"[19]. Abelard submitted without resistance, and he retired to Cluny to live under the protection of Peter the Venerable, where he died two years later. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. The regimen was so austere that Bernard became ill, and only the influence of his friend William of Champeaux and the authority of the general chapter could make him mitigate the austerities. Bernard of Clairvaux may well represent the most important figure in Templarism. How and why St Bernard became involved in the formation of the Knights Templar may never be fully understood. Cardinal Harmeric, on behalf of the pope, wrote Bernard a sharp letter of remonstrance stating, "It is not fitting that noisy and troublesome frogs should come out of their marshes to trouble the Holy See and the cardinals."[4]. Bernard of Clairvaux is the attributed author of poems often translated in English hymnals as: The modern critical edition is Sancti Bernardi opera (1957–1977), edited by Jean Leclercq.[33][d]. He then went to Aquitaine where he succeeded for the time in detaching William X, Duke of Aquitaine, from the cause of Anacletus.[5]. As in the olden scene, the cry "Deus vult! St. Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux one of the most illustrious preachers and monks of the middle ages, was born at Fontaines, near Dijon, in France. King Louis VI of France convened a national council of the French bishops at Étampes in 1130, and Bernard was chosen to judge between the rivals for pope. He may have undertaken this task personally and they were based, almost entirely, on the Order adopted by the Cistercians themselves. In our opinion past researchers have generally failed to credit St Bernard with the pivotal role he played in the planning, formation and promotion of the infant Templar Order. [c] Bernard led to the foundation of 163 monasteries in different parts of Europe. According to tradition, Bernard founded the monastery on 25 June 1115, naming it Claire Vallée, which evolved into Clairvaux. Principal penseur du courant cistercien, l'abbé Bernard de Clairvaux a largement influencé ses contemporains au XIIe siècle. In particular he was a staunch opponent of the dialectician ‘Peter Abelard’, a man whom St Bernard virtually destroyed when Abelard refused to accept Bernard’s own criticism of his radical ideas. Made abbot of Clairvaux (1115), he erected numerous abbeys where his spirit flourished. It is also true to say that if Citeaux remained the ‘head’ of the Cistercian movement during the life of St Bernard, Clairvaux lay at its heart. At the solicitation of William of St. Thierry, Bernard defended the order by publishing his Apology which was divided into two parts. From this point barely a decision was made in Rome that was not influenced in some way by St Bernard himself. Soon afterwards, Henry of Lausanne was arrested, brought before the bishop of Toulouse, and probably imprisoned for life. One time he restored the power of speech to an old man that he might confess his sins before he died. Bernard had a great taste for literature and devoted himself for some time to poetry. This appointment should not be underestimated, for it was Pope Innocent II who formally accepted ‘The Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon’ (The Knights Templar) into the Catholic fold. He traveled to Sicily in 1137 to convince the king of Sicily to follow Innocent. Bernard's letter to the archbishop of Sens was seen as a real treatise, "De Officiis Episcoporum." Bernard had observed that when lectio divina was neglected monasticism suffered. [9], Again reproaches arose against Bernard and he was denounced, even in Rome. The Church of St. Bernard de Clairvaux. He had a special devotion to the Virgin Mary, and he later wrote several works about the Queen of Heaven.[4]. The last years of Bernard's life were saddened by the failure of the crusaders, the entire responsibility for which was thrown upon him. While […]. Henry I was sceptical because most of the bishops of England supported Antipope Anacletus II; Bernard persuaded him to support Innocent. Bernard's influence was soon felt in provincial affairs. He did not pledge allegiance to Innocent until 1135. In 1139, Bernard assisted at the Second Council of the Lateran. She, with the consent of her husband, soon took the veil in the Benedictine nunnery of Jully-les-Nonnains. A Catholic priest and abbot (director) of a religious institution at Clairvaux, France, Bernard's influence stretched far beyond the borders of France. After his death a cult of St Bernard rapidly developed. His involvement in public affairs led him into conflict with two of the most distinguished schoolmen of his day, namely with Peter Abelard (1079â1142) at the Council of Sens (1141) and Gilbert of Poitiers (1076â1154) at the Council of Reims (1148). Certainly he was a fantastic organiser and possessed a charisma that few could deny. St Bernard died in Clairvaux on August 20th 1153, a date that would soon become his feast day, for St Bernard was canonised within a few short years of his death. In May of that year, the pope, supported by the army of Lothair III, entered Rome, but Lothair III, feeling himself too weak to resist the partisans of Anacletus, retired beyond the Alps, and Innocent sought refuge in Pisa in September 1133. This abbey was the first Cistercian monastery and had been set up somewhat earlier by a small band of dissident monks from Molesmes. However, Abelard continued to develop his teachings, which were controversial in some quarters. He was drawn into the controversy developing between the new monastic movement which he preeminently represented and the established Cluniac order, a branch of the Benedictines. Abelard continued to press for a public debate, and made his challenge widely known, making it hard for Bernard to decline. [7] Bernard's testimony was so irresistible that 30 of his friends, brothers, and relatives followed him into the monastic life. About the same time, Bernard was visited at Clairvaux by Malachy, Primate of All Ireland, and a very close friendship formed between them. St Bernard travelled extensively, negotiated in civil disturbances and, surprisingly for the period, was instrumental in preventing a number of pogroms taking place against Jews in various locations within what is present day France. He defended the rights of the Church against the encroachments of kings and princes, and recalled to their duty Henri Sanglier, archbishop of Sens and Stephen of Senlis, bishop of Paris. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. This letter made a positive impression on Harmeric, and in the Vatican. After persuading Gerard, Bernard traveled to visit William X, Duke of Aquitaine. Around this time, he praised them in his Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae. [4], In the year 1119, Bernard was present at the first general chapter of the order convoked by Stephen of Cîteaux. Bernard was instrumental in the appointment of GREGORIO PAPARESCHI, Pope Innocent II in the year 1130, despite the fact that not all agencies supported the man for the Papal throne. [6], So great was his reputation that princes and Popes sought his advice, and even the enemies of the Church admired the holiness of his life and the greatness of his writings. He may also have been related to the Counts of Champagne, who themselves appear to have been pivotal in the formation of the Templar Order. [4], In the year 1128 AD, Bernard participated in the Council of Troyes, which had been convoked by Pope Honorius II, and was presided over by Cardinal Matthew of Albano. This he did, almost certainly, at the behest of Bernard and possibly as a result of promises he had made to this end at the time Bernard showed him the support which led to the Vatican. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux 1115â1153, was one of the most eloquent preachers and spiritual writers of the medieval period. At the time of St Bernard’s arrival the abbey was under the guiding hand of Stephen, later St Stephen Harding, an Englishman. For this, he was offered, and he refused, the archbishopric of Milan. Temporal matters are merely accessories; the principles according to Bernard's work were that piety and meditation were to precede action. Bernard walked hundreds of miles and talked to a great number of influential people in order to ensure Innocent’s ultimate acceptance. James Meeker Ludlow describes the scene romantically in his book The Age of the Crusades: A large platform was erected on a hill outside the city. In our opinion past researchers have generally failed to credit St Bernard with the pivotal role he played in the planning, formation and promotion of the infant Templar Order. by S. J. Eales of the Life and Works of St. Bernard Clairvaux from the ed. The next day, after Bernard made his opening statement, Abelard decided to retire without attempting to answer. Bernard died at the age of 63, after 40 years as a monk. He was a staunch supporter of the Virgin Mary, a visionary and a man who had a profound belief in an early and very ‘Culdean’ form of Christianity. Nevertheless, the monastery at Clairvaux flourished as more and more disciples sought to place themselves under the leadership of St. Bernard. This continued for the remainder of his life and may have demonstrated an inability on the part of his digestive system to cope with the severe diet enjoyed or rather endured by the Cistercians at the time. He then went with him into Italy and reconciled Pisa with Genoa, and Milan with the pope. The purpose of this council was to settle certain disputes of the bishops of Paris, and regulate other matters of the Church of France. At the 800th anniversary of his death, Pope Pius XII issued an encyclical on Bernard, Doctor Mellifluus, in which he labeled him "The Last of the Fathers." Bernard later commented that Gerard was his most formidable opponent during the whole schism. St. Bernard died during the year of 1153 in Clairvaux, France. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. For whatever reason St Bernard wrote the first ‘rules’ of the Templar Order. [6], Bernard was instrumental in re-emphasizing the importance of lectio divina and contemplation on Scripture within the Cistercian order. Much can be found elsewhere in these pages relating specifically to the Cistercians. [12] Bernard lobbied the prelates on the evening before the debate, swaying many of them to his view. In the conclaveAnacletus IIwas elected by a narrow mnargin, but many influential cardinals favored the contender, Pope Innocent ⦠[28] He was the first Cistercian monk placed on the calendar of saints and was canonized by Alexander III 18 January 1174. [25], One day, to cool down his lustful temptation, Bernard threw himself into ice-cold water. On the death of Pope Honorius II on 13 February 1130, a schism arose in the church. rolled over the fields, and was echoed by the voice of the orator: "Cursed be he who does not stain his sword with blood. No matter who you are or where you are on your spiritual journey, you are welcome here. Abbey mosaic of St. Bernard. âBernard of Clairvaux, quoted in The Crusades. The bishops made Bernard secretary of the council, and charged him with drawing up the synodal statutes. Bernardâs influence upon the princes, the clergy, and the people of his age was most remarkable. Both the Henrician and the Petrobrusian faiths began to die out by the end of that year. To understand St Bernard’s importance to Cistercianism it is first necessary to study the Order in detail. His two successors, Pope Celestine II and Pope Lucius II, reigned only a short time, and then Bernard saw one of his disciples, Bernard of Pisa, and known thereafter as Eugene III, raised to the Chair of Saint Peter. Bernard, informed of this by William of St-Thierry, is said to have held a meeting with Abelard intending to persuade him to amend his writings, during which Abelard repented and promised to do so. Whether an âintentionâ to create an Order of the Templar sort existed prior to the life of St Bernard himself is a ⦠Hugues de Payens – The First Grand Master. [14], Having previously helped end the schism within the Church, Bernard was now called upon to combat heresy. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, answered Bernard and assured him of his great admiration and sincere friendship. St Bernard was a visionary, a man of apparently tremendous religious conviction. He recalled the city of Milan to obedience to the pope as they had followed the deposed Anselm V, Archbishop of Milan. The death of his contemporaries served as a warning to Bernard of his own approaching end. Conrad III and his son Henry died the same year. Many stories exist regarding Bernard’s early years – his visions, torments and realisations. For this reason, the Black Monks attempted to make it appear that the rules of the new order were impracticable. It was this general chapter that gave definitive form to the constitutions of the order and the regulations of the Charter of Charity, which Pope Callixtus II confirmed on 23 December 1119. [17] Pope Eugenius came in person to France to encourage the enterprise. Bernard's informal political influence was further enhanced with the election of Pope Eugenius III, one of Bernard's former pupils.
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